Theocracy

A theocracy is a form of government in which religious leaders or institutions hold supreme authority, and public policy is primarily guided by religious law and doctrine. The government claims to rule on behalf of a divine authority or in accordance with sacred texts.

In theocratic systems, the legal code is derived partly or wholly from religious scriptures, and religious leaders often hold the highest political offices or exercise veto power over secular institutions. The boundary between religious authority and state power is either blurred or nonexistent.

True theocracies are rare in the modern world. Iran, where the Supreme Leader holds ultimate authority as a religious jurist, is the most prominent contemporary example. Vatican City is a theocratic absolute elective monarchy. Historical examples include medieval Papal States and Calvinist Geneva.

Key Characteristics

• Religious authority is the basis of political legitimacy
• Religious law forms the foundation of the legal system
• Religious leaders hold supreme or significant political power
• State institutions are subordinate to religious institutions
• Public policy guided by religious doctrine
• Limited or no separation between religious and political spheres
• Dissent may be treated as both political and religious offense

Compare two theocracy countries

See how theocracy governments differ across countries